Cocaine, amphetamines and heroin are perceived by European citizens as the ‘addictions’ with the most severe consequences to society, whereas tobacco, despite being responsible for the largest share of premature deaths caused by addictive substances, is perceived as having one of the least severe impacts on society.

Key words: addictions, severity, popular perceptions, addictiveness

Lead author(s): Blomqvist

Almost a third of premature deaths in Poland, Portugal and Catalonia are caused by alcohol, tobacco and illicit drug use; the proportion is even higher amongst men

Key words: social cost, drugs, mortality burden

Lead author(s): Mielecka-Kubien, Okulicz-Kozaryn & Zin-Sedek

The role of the EMCDDA in defining concepts of addiction in relation to drugs, alcohol and tobacco since its establishment in 1995.

Key words: addiction, concepts, EMCDDA, poly-drug use

Lead author(s): Berridge, Mold, Taylor, Edman

Imprisoned drug dealers reported that they aimed to sell mainly to regular customers and employed tactics to secure a stable customer base, including offering discounts, providing credit and even occasionally, offering  ‘freebies’ or ‘extras’ to regular customers.

Key words: suppliers, drug dealing, tactics, customer service

Lead author(s): Tzvetkova, Pardal, Disley

Determinants at the level of the social, economic and political environment are more important in the transition to risky substance use and gambling whilst determinants at the individual and sub-individual level of analysis are more dominant in the transition to harmful behaviours.

Key words: determinants, harmful behaviour, transitions, risky behaviour

Lead author(s): Lees, Gell, McLeod, Bühringer, Meier, Lingford-Hughes, Holmes, Forberger